Data and MP3 Compression: Understanding "Digital" The MP3 and MP4 generation was generated mostly due to advances in data compression. Let us first take a step back and focus on digital music. There are two types of data in the world: Analog and Digital data. Analog data is real time data, and it is essentially how we perceive the world. As you listen to any music, you are listening to an analog signal. Everything we see and hear is analog. So what is the significance of digital? Digital is a way of storing and transferring this data. Think of a twelve inch ruler. With this ruler, you can measure any distance between between 0 and 12 inches. Depending on how good you are at reading the ruler, you can probably measure to a resolution of 1/16 of an inch. Even though there is measurable distance between these 1/16 inch marks, the distance is rather insignificant to you. At this point, you can record the distance two ways:

1) You can mark the ruler with a pencil and store it in its true "analog" value

2) You can round the value to the nearest 1/16th and record it. This could be referred to as a "digital" value.

Digital is a collection of zeros and ones that represent a number. Because there are two values, the system is base 2. Our normal system is a base 10 system. For example:

The number 1456 is really:

6x(1) + 5x(10) + 4x(100) + 1x(1000) = 1456

Where the number in parentheses are 10^x power.

Let's try a base 2 number of 100110:

0x(1) + 1x(2) + 1x(4) + 0x(8) + 0x(16) + 1x(32) = 38 (decimal)

Where the number in parentheses are 2^x power.

In this base-2 example, the number is referred to as "6-bits". A typical "byte" is normally "8-bits". So instead of storing the number 38, computers would store the number 100110.

So why would you want to do that? There are 6 digitals in base-2 versus two digitals in base-10. The answer is simple! Ones and zeros are much easier to store (It is like a light switch, either ON or OFF). Further, in a base-2 system, there are only 2 possible solutions. In a base-10 solution, there are 10 solutions per digit. The more solutions you have, the more chance to make errors.

Now let's revisit the the analog signal. In this type of data, there are an infinite number of solutions. Mind you, the error won't be great, but you ARE guaranteed some error every time. Every time you recall a analog signal, the results will be varied to some degree.

Think about your cell phone. About 5 years ago, all cell phones were analog. When you entered areas of poor reception, you received static, distortion and noise. Now, most cells phones are digital. As long as a portion of the ones and zeros are transmitted, you will receive a perfect signal every time. (If you transmit the number 1.2 or 1.5 or 0.8, it will always be read a one! i.e., the signal is immune to noise!) If you cannot even read these simple ones and zeros, you drop off completely. The clarity of the signal is perfect and repeatable, as long as the data is present.

Music works in the same manner. Old-school records and cassette tapes are analog signals. These media will product static and noise and will degrade over time. CDs are digital signals. As long as the compact is readable, the CD player will provide you with the exact sound as it was recorded. The CD itself might degrade over time, but the data will always be stored in its original form.

Since the inception of digitally stored music, the quality of music has remained high and to the same standard as it is today. Compact discs still offer the highest form of music available. The problem with compact discs is that the amount of bits required to store a song is high. That leads us to the modern use of data compression and MP3. (And another article for another day!)

Matthew Bredel is a 31 year old online entrepreneur and engineer currently living in San Diego, CA.in miami movie spanish theater
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  How to Make A Cute Music Box for Your Little Boy or GIrl If you are creative and want to make something special for your little boy or girl, a cute music box would sure bring a smile to their face as well as create a memory to last a lifetime! If you are so inclined, here are the directions for a fun "Whistle While You Work" music box taken from Sharon Ganske's book, "Making Marvelous Music Boxes."

Materials Needed

For the Base, Including Music Box Accessories:

Wooden trunk
9" wide X 5 1/2" deep x 5" high
18 note key-wind musical movement
Turntable, 1"
Key extende, 1/2"
4 wooden bells, 1"
Sandpaper
Wood Sealer

Decorative Accessories for Music Box:

Assortment of Lego buiding blocks
Yellow Lego building board, 5" x 5 1/2"
Border stencil, 1 1/2"-wide design
Acrylic Paint Colors:

To match Lego building blocks

Blue
Green
Red
Yellow

Adhesives and Spray Sealer:

Industrial strength glue
Stencil, Adhesive, or tape
Gloss spray sealer

Tools and Brushes:

Drill with 1/4" drill bit
Old paintbrush
Paintbrush
Paper towels

Stenciling

Sponge brush

Step by Step Assembly Instructions

Step One:

Using sandpaper, sand the wooden trunk of the music box as well as the lid. Next, use an old paintbrush to apply wood sealer to the trunk and lid following the manufacturer's directions. Allow to dry throughly.

Step Two:

Using a paintbrush, paint the sides of the trunk with yellow acrylic paint. Next, paint the lid and bottom of base with blue and bells with red.

Step Three:

Using stencil, adhesive, or tape, center the border stencil between top and bottom of one side of the trunk. Using a stenciling sponge brush, sponge the stencil with green, red, and blue acrylic paint. Dip a small edge of the sponge brush in green acrylic paint, stenciling one side at a time. Blot on paper towels. Then, lighlty sponge one area at a time that is to be green, being careful not to get paint on unwanted areas. Allow to dry throughly.

You will next carefully sponge over the green areas again with enough coats to cover them completely-do not apply the paint too heavily or it will run under the stencil. Do not remove the stencil. Repeat the process with red and then blue. When dry, remove the stencil, and sponge the three remaining sides in the same way. Allow to dry throughly. Spray trunk, lid, and bells with gloss sealer.

Step Four:

Drill a 1/4" hole in the center front of trunk.

Step Five:

Using industrial strength glue, glue a few Lego blocks together for a winding knob. Glue turntable to back center for Lego winding knob.

Step Six:

Glue musical movement inside trunk, making sure the winding-key shaft is centered in hole. Remove the lid. Glue 5" x 5 1/2" yellow Lego building board to top of the lid, making sure it is centered. Turn the trunk upside down, and glue one bell to bottom of the box at corners for legs. Allow to dry.

Step Seven:

Wind the turntable onto key extender. Wind the key-extender onto the winding key-shaft. The turntable is the winding key. Using the remaining Lego building blocks, create anything you desire. Then, you can take the creation apart and build something new as well!

Making a music box for your child can be a lot of fun. All it takes is a willingness to try. Begin today and create a memory to last a lifetime!

Copyright 2006 Monique Hawkins

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  Busted: Musicians Who Sang The Wrong Tune Just as there are highly talented musical acts that never make the big time, there are musical acts that make the big time, only to never go anywhere. Some of these acts make the big time and make a fool of themselves, while others make the big time, make an impact, and make a quick getaway. Some are lucky enough to have at least one hit, while others are stuck with a few mediocre hits that come back to haunt them decades later. Some are loved for a while, only to fall from grace quickly, and some just never gain acceptance. The following is our list of the top five busted musicians, bands and solo acts who sang the wrong tune.

Milli Vanilli: Ah, Milli Vanilli. Just like our parents remember where they were when Elvis died, those of us who were children of the 1980s remember where we were when Milli Vanillis secret came out. The singers that brought us Girl You Know Its True, Milli Vanilli won a Grammy in 1990 for Best New Artist. This, however, was short lived after it was revealed that their talent had less to do with music, and more to do with lip singing. Still, those of us who were true fans didnt blame it on the duo; we blamed it on the rain.

Ashley Simpson: While performing on Saturday Night Live in fall of 2004, Ashley Simpson was caught pulling a Milli Vanilli when it was revealed she wasnt actually singing. This was followed by an ill-received performance at the Orange Bowl and a slug of condemnation. Still, Ashley Simpson has two huge things working for her: shes released two number one albums and shes young enough to bounce back from any criticism accrued. Plus, she can benefit from having her manager, who also happens to be her father, on her side. He seems just a tad crazy.

O-Town: A group that came together through the reality series, Making of the Band, O -Town got on the literal band wagon just a bit too late. As the boy band fad started to fade into the night, O-Town found that they were unable to gain substantial success. The group was together for only a short time and though they did release two albums, O-Town disappeared from the scene as quickly as they came into it. This is, however, old potatoes: the manager of the group, Lou Pearlman, apparently has more pressing worries on his mind.

Eddie Murphy: We love his stand up, we love his movies, we even love when he lends his voice to an animated donkey. We just dont love his music. Though he can actually hold a note quite well, the songs Eddie Murphy released have to be tunes that even he looks back on and sayswha??? Still, Eddie did have two hits with Put Your Mouth on Me and Party all the Time. The latter song was voted, in 2004, as number eight on the list of 50 Worst Songs of All Time by Blender magazine.

Gerardo: After playing the part of Ricky in the film, Cant Buy me Love, Gerardo Mejia became a singersort of. He was known more for his sexy appearance, his six packed abs, and his dance talent than he was for his booming voice. Still, he reached the top of the charts with his hit Rico Suave, a hit that admit it you know youve sang along with. One of the first performers to merge Latin and English, Gerardo occasionally calls himself the Latin Frank Sinatra. Uh.right.

Jennifer Jordan is a senior editor for http://www.iturbocharge.com. Possessing an infatuation with pop culture and a gift for stalking she keeps up on the latest news of the musical world. dans great movie
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